Development through debt: Rationalizing the costs of external borrowing

External Financing Method: Financing through Debt and Stock Issuance

Countries need short, medium, and long-term investment plans for production growth and development. Different sources for these investments can be supplied through retained profit, stock issuance, and bank loans, or a combination them. Institutions and firms need huge amount of capitals for their survival, production, and also development of activities. In addition, these institutions and firms...

the impact of morphological awareness on the vocabulary development of the iranian efl students

this study investigated the impact of explicit instruction of morphemic analysis and synthesis on the vocabulary development of the students. the participants were 90 junior high school students divided into two experimental groups and one control group. morphological awareness techniques (analysis/synthesis) and conventional techniques were used to teach vocabulary in the experimental groups a...

Increasing Borrowing Costs and the Equity Premium∗

Simulating a realistic-sized equity premium in macroeconomic models has proved a daunting challenge, hence the “equity premium puzzle”. “Resolving” the puzzle requires heavy lifting. Precise choices of particular preferences, shocks, technologies, and hard borrowing constraints can do the trick, but haven’t stopped the search for a simpler and more robust solution. This paper suggests that soft...

Rationalizing Costs in Investment Treaty Arbitration

Borrowing High vs. Borrowing Higher: Sources and Consequences of Dispersion in Individual Borrowing Costs

For many households, paying lower borrowing costs is the surest, fastest way to increase net worth. Using administrative, credit bureau and survey data on U.S. credit cards, we find pervasive and systematic cross-individual variation in borrowing costs. Credit risk and product differentiation explain about one-third of that variation. The remaining riskadjusted dispersion can materially affect ...